A Review on Rain Signal Attenuation Modeling, Analysis and Validation Techniques: Advances, Challenges and Future Direction

Radio waves are attenuated by atmospheric phenomena such as snow, rain, dust, clouds, and ice, which absorb radio signals. Signal attenuation becomes more severe at extremely high frequencies, usually above 10 GHz. In typical equatorial tropical locations, rain is prevalent. Some established research works have attempted to provide state-of-the-art reviews on modeling analysis of in the context frequencies. However, existing review conducted over three decades (1990 2022), not adequately provided comprehensive taxonomies for each method expose trends possible future directions. Also, methods model validation regional developmental efforts been explicitly highlighted literature. To address these gaps, this paper an extensive literature survey modeling, analyses, techniques, leveraging ITU-R categorizations. Specifically, different areas extensively discussed. Key findings from detailed shown that many open questions, challenges, applications could up new frontiers, leading novel attenuation. Finally, study expected be reference material design